Perichoresis, To dance around...

Perichoresis (or Circuminsession or Interpenetration) is a term in Christian theology first found within the Church Fathers but now reinvigorated among contemporary figures such as C. Baxter Kruger, Jurgen Moltmann, Miroslav Volf and John Zizioulas, amongst others. The term first appears in Gregory of Nazianzus but was explored more fully in the work of John of Damascus. It refers to the mutual inter-penetration and indwelling within the threefold nature of the Trinity, God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The ecumenical Christian doctrine of the incarnation emphasizes that Jesus' two natures (ousias) fully "coinhere" in one person (hypostasis) in Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus, then, is said to be fully divine and fully human, and never one ousia (nature) alone. ------------------ Perichoresis 在基督徒神學提到相互互相貫通和存在父親并且兒子. 教條根據約翰的福音書那 「父親是在兒子和兒子在父親」。 關係 三位一體上帝 由關係增強 perichoresis. 這存在表達并且體會同伴關係在父親和兒子之間。 它是親熱。 耶穌 與他的教會同伴關係的統一性比較這存在的統一性從這存在。 「那他們全都也許是一; 作為thou、父親、藝術在我和I在thee，他們也許也是一个在我們(約翰・ 17:21)。「 神學傳統觀看了存在作為同伴關係。 大馬士革的約翰是顯要的在開發教條 perichoresis描述它作為「一起劈開」。 這樣是同伴關係在 神性 父親和兒子也不僅擁抱自己，但他們加入彼此，滲入自己和居住在彼此。 一在是，他們也是總一个在他們的友誼親熱。 這親熱是獨特的 家庭. 作為 聖潔家庭父親和兒子加入彼此并且居住，不僅與，而且在彼此。 熱愛互相他們自己在精神上由父親和兒子有內容。 不僅 隊伍 精神從父親到兒子和從兒子到父親表現出他們的相互愛，他們在彼此以後呼吸，而且它給其中每一其他。 在精神的隊伍從父親，父親給自己兒子; 在精神的隊伍從兒子到父親，兒子給自己父親， 為精神的隊伍，像 產生 兒子，是去父親的生存兒子和去兒子的生存父親 聖靈. 要提出精神作為聖潔家庭的同伴關係不是建議第三人稱的劣等。 它簡單地是精神的獨特的事情根據 聖經 并且，因而真實和生活的獨特 上帝. 如果有因而被設想的精神的有些匿名， 基督徒信念 與父親和兒子比較的更加鋒利的特點和更加清楚的身分認可了這相對匿名。 這是依據在不容置疑的現實的神性在球形 救世 精神不引起對他自己的注意。 Pentecost的精神-第三人稱 三位一體 -給教會知識，愛為和同伴關係與兒子，耶穌基督和由他與父親。 (馬特・ 11:27; 約翰・ 16:7 - 16) ------------------ The relationship of the Triune God is intensified by the relationship of perichoresis. This indwelling expresses and realizes fellowship between the Father and the Son. It is intimacy. Jesus compares the oneness of this indwelling to the oneness of the fellowship of his church from this indwelling. "That they all may be one; as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us (John 17:21)." The theological tradition has viewed the indwelling as fellowship. John of Damascus, who was influential in developing the doctrine of the perichoresis, described it as a "cleaving together." Such is the fellowship in the Godhead that the Father and the Son not only embrace each other, but they also enter into each other, permeate each other, and dwell in each other. One in being, they are also always one in the intimacy of their friendship. ------------------ 舞蹈卡​​是一個小的小冊子，通常皮覆蓋，列出的歌曲，樂團將演奏整個舞蹈或球的。通常18-24歌曲播放。 連接到舞蹈卡鉛筆，先生們會用自己的名字寫在卡 -旁邊的一塊特定的音樂，他們希望一起跳舞的少女。 一個字符串或色帶上有一個鉤子也向舞蹈卡，讓少女穿在她sleeve.100歲的舞蹈卡袖口卡 這是紳士跳舞的少女，她簽約的舞蹈卡，使初始請求。 然而，這是少女繼續表示有興趣這樣做的求愛。 有一個程序的小冊子，為最有可能與皇室家族開始了舞蹈的想法 他想用這種書面文件作為機制，以提高知名度和認可度（和重要性）的國王，王后和他們的繼承人。 帝國的家庭可以買得起委員會的藝術家來設計和製造非常優雅的舞蹈卡。 一舞蹈卡（或Ballspendens）的主要製造商，在維也納奧地利八月克萊 誰設計和製造的皇室舞蹈卡。 維也納華爾茲的城市，是社會階層的中心。 舉例來說，這幾乎有一半的人口在1830年的維也納，近20萬人， 在大齋期前一周將參加某種形式的舞蹈。 也許這是這一時期“馬蒂·格拉斯”。 約翰·施特勞斯的最認可的作曲家，在1800年中期“。 他的“藍色多瑙河”圓舞曲“，建立了舞的速度顯著。 其他作曲家，維也納舞蹈音樂包括舒爾茨，Musard，和Lumbye的。 值得一提： 朱莉·安德魯斯特色的音樂聲中，你也許還記得， 馮特普上校家中舉行了一個正式的舞。 奧地利人被稱為為他們精心製作的舞蹈，特別是華爾茲。 舞蹈是文化的一部分，與年輕人接受指令 在舞廳跳舞開始在兒童早期的藝術。 A dance card or programme du bal (also known by its German-language name, Tanzkarte) is used by a woman to record the names of the gentlemen with whom she intends to dance each successive dance at a formal ball. They appear to have originated in 18th century, but their use first became widespread in 19th century Vienna, especially at the massive balls during Fasching before Lent. An actual dance card is typically a booklet with a decorative cover, listing dance titles, composers, and the person with whom the woman intended to dance. Typically, it would have a cover indicating the sponsoring organization of the ball and a decorative cord by which it could be attached to a lady's wrist or ball gown. From the 19th century until World War I, dance cards for the elite of Austria-Hungary were often very elaborate, with some even incorporating precious metals and jewels. In modern times the expression "dance card" is often used metaphorically, as when someone says "pencil me into your dance card," meaning "find some time to spend with me". Conversely, someone's "dance card is full" implies that even though they may be interested, they have no time for another person. ------------------ 國際標準舞涵盖了十个舞种,且必須二人共舞 摩登舞有华尔兹, 探戈, 狐步, 快步, 维也纳华尔兹. 拉丁舞有伦巴, 恰恰, 桑巴, 斗牛和牛仔. ------------------ Dance engagements card for 11 January 1887, showing a list of all the dances for the evening - valse, polka, lancers and quadrille; opposite each dance is a space to record the name of the partner for that dance. After the event the card was probably kept as a souvenir of the evening ------------------ Did you ever wonder where the phrase, “Sorry, but my dance card is full.” comes from? Do you even know what a dance card is, or how a dance card was used? A dance card was a small booklet, usually leather covered, that listed the songs that an orchestra would play throughout a dance or Ball. Typically 18-24 songs would be played. Attached to the dance card was a pencil that gentlemen would use to write their names in the card – next to the specific piece of music to which they wished to dance with the maiden. A string or ribbon with a hook on it was also attached to the dance card, allowing a maiden to wear the card on the cuff of her sleeve.100-year-old dance card It was up to the gentleman to make the initial request to dance with a maiden, by signing her dance card. However, it was up to the maiden to continue the courtship by indicating interest in doing so. The idea of having a program booklet for a dance most likely started with royal families who wanted to use such written documents as mechanisms to enhance the visibility and recognition (and thus the importance of) the King, Queen and their heirs. Imperial families could afford to commission artists to design and manufacture very elegant dance cards. A major manufacturer of Dance Cards (or Ballspendens) in Vienna, Austria was August Klein who designed and made dance cards for the Imperial Family. Vienna, the city of the waltz, was the center of social class. For instance, in the 1830’s almost half the population of Vienna, nearly 200,000 people, would attend a dance of some sort during the week before Lent. Perhaps this was the “Marti Gras” of that period. Johann Strauss was the most recognized composer during the mid 1800”s. His “Blue Danube Waltz” is notable in establishing the tempo of the Ball. Other composers of music for Viennese dances included Schultze, Musard, and Lumbye. Noteworthy: In The Sound of Music featuring Julie Andrews, you may recall that a formal ball was held in the home of Captain Von Trapp. Austrians were known for their elaborate dances, especially the waltz. Dancing was part of the culture with young people receiving instruction in the art of ballroom dancing starting in early childhood. ------------------ Periaktos (plural form Periaktoi, from Greek revolving) is a device used for displaying and rapidly changing theatre scenes. It was first mentioned in Vitruvius' book on architecture, De architectura (ca. 14 BC) but its most intense use began in Renaissance theatre, as a result of the work of important theatrical designers, such as Nicola Sabbatini (1574-1654). Other solid polygons can be used, such as cubes, but triangular prisms offer the best combination of simplicity, speed and number of scenes per device. It consists of a revolving solid isosceles triangular prism made of wood. On each of its three faces, a different scene is painted, so that, by revolving quickly the periaktos, another face can appear to the audience. A series of periaktoi positioned one after the other along the stage's depth can produce the illusion of a longer scene, composed by its faces as seen in perspective. These periaktoi must therefore be rotated simultaneously to a new position, thus achieving interesting illusions. This is made by coupling them by using sprocket gears at their bases and a flat chain or conveyor belt mechanical transmission system. A similar concept is used in some modern tri-faced multi-message billboards, which are made up of a series of triangular prisms arranged so that they can be rotated to present three separate flat display surfaces at the same time. Early motion picture mechanical devices, such as the praxinoscope, were also based on rapidly rotating solid polygons, which had the successive animation or photographic plates affixed or projected to each face, thus providing the optical illusion of movement. ------------- praxinoscope 夏爾-埃米爾·雷諾（Charles-Émile Reynaud，1844年12月8日－1918年1月9日）， 法國發明家、藝術家，第一部動畫電影的創造者。 1876年，雷諾決定為一個孩子製作一個光學玩具，在轉盤活動影像鏡（Phenakistiscope）和西洋鏡（Zoetrope）的基礎上， 1877年，他設計了活動視鏡（Praxinoscope，亦有譯成「實用鏡」），並於1877年12月21日申請了專利。 該設計用12面鏡子拼成圓鼓形，彩色的圖片條裝在其中，當玩具旋轉的時候，反射出每一幅圖片，而不需要複雜的機械裝置。 圖片條展現了清晰、明亮、不失真的動畫效果，並且沒有抖動。 他在巴黎租了一套公寓，將活動視鏡商業生產，在1878年巴黎世界博覽會展出，引起轟動。 1888年12月發明光學影戲機（Théâtre Optique）。 1892年，他的第一部動畫電影《可憐的比埃洛》（Pauvre Pierrot）在巴黎蠟像館放映。 這部電影也是第一部膠片邊上打孔的電影。 The praxinoscope was an animation device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was invented in France in 1877 by Charles-Émile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder. The praxinoscope improved on the zoetrope by replacing its narrow viewing slits with an inner circle of mirrors, placed so that the reflections of the pictures appeared more or less stationary in position as the wheel turned. Someone looking in the mirrors would therefore see a rapid succession of images producing the illusion of motion, with a brighter and less distorted picture than the zoetrope offered. In 1889 Reynaud developed the Théâtre Optique, an improved version capable of projecting images on a screen from a longer roll of pictures. This allowed him to show hand-drawn animated cartoons to larger audiences, but it was soon eclipsed in popularity by the photographic film projector of the Lumière brothers. -------------------- Quaker （1）貴格，美國費城（Philadelphia）的別稱。 （2）基督教貴格會，也稱公誼會；Quake 這個字本身就有顫抖、顫動的意思， 創始人喬治．福克斯（George Fox）要求教徒們，在祈\中念到「主」的時候，聲音及身體皆要顫動一下，因此才被稱作Quaker貴格會。 貴格會原名朋友會或公誼會（Society of Friends），顧名思義乃彼此為友之意。 發起人George Fox, 1624-1691。於受審時，誡告法官應聞上帝的道而戰栗，故人戲呼之為戰栗者( Quakers）。 中文貴格會譯音。該會著名政治家是烹威廉（William Penn, 1644-1718），為美國賓州（Pennsylvania）的建立者。 當時其他白人與土人印第安人常互相殘殺，惟有他和朋友會同人則與土人締結條約，和平相處， 福祿特爾（Voltaire）稱此條約為唯一未經宣誓並永未破壞的條約。 該會唯一的著名神學家為巴克雷（Robert Barclay, 1648-1690）。 貴格會的人數不多，但以救濟事業，慈善事業，改良監獄，釋放奴隸，申張宗教自由，反對戰爭，蜚聲於世。 他們的宗教信仰注重內心之光，反對拘泥形式，所以他們的教會 沒有牧師職分，崇拜沒有固定儀式，但由會眾隨感發言，或唱詩，或祈禱，若無人發言，則靜坐而散，又因偏重內心，故聖洗聖餐亦在廢棄之列。 他們雖趨於急進，可是他們仍持守基督教的其他信仰，並效早期基督徒所為，用辯護的文字闡明他們的主張，答辯敵人惡意的攻擊。 此類作品中最重要的要推巴克雷所著十五條。 ------------------------- 震顫派Shaker 震颤派，基督教新教派之一，原先是起源于英国的公谊会（Society of Friends），后来分支到美国才成为新教派， 主要是因为在做礼拜、祈祷时，教徒多会因为得感应而全身震颤不已，因此得名。Shakerism 指震颤派教会的教义及礼拜仪式。 震教徒；信徒会：1747年源于英国之基督教派，主张共有财产，强调独身，以舞蹈为敬礼上帝方式之一， 故名震教徒，又俗称ShakingQuakers，但与Quaker贵格会不同；原名为信徒会Society of Believers。 The Vow of Celebracy celibate 意為"(因宗教信仰)而獨身禁慾－not married and...